IKHLAQ SIR.

 METHODS OF MEASURING NATIONAL INCOME. National Income of a country is calculated by following three methods : Product Method ● In this method the net value of final goods and services produced in a country during a year is obtained and the total obtained value is called total final product. This represents Gross Domestic Product (GDP). ● Net income earned in foreign boundaries by nationals is added and depreciation is subtracted from GDP. Consumption Method ● It is also called the expenditure method. Income is either spent on consumption or saved.Hence national income is the addition of total consumption and total savings. [In India, a combination of production method and income method is used for estimating national income]. Income Method ● In this method, a total of net incomes earned by working people in different sectors and commercial enterprises is obtained. ● National Income = total Rent + Total Wages + total Interest + Total Profit. ESTIMATES OF NATIONAL INCOME IN INDIA ● ...

National Income Of India National income measures the net value of goods and services produced in a country during a year and it also includes net earned foreign income. [ for India financial year is 1 April to 31st March]. ● In other words, a total of national income measures the flow of goods and services in an economy. National income is a flow not a stock. ● As contrasted with national wealth which measures the stock of commodities held by the nationals of a country at a point of time, national income measures the productive power of an economy in a given period to turn out goods and services for final consumption. ●National Income is defined as total net earnings from production of goods and services in a country over a period of time, consisting of wages, salaries,rent, profit,and interests. ● National Income= C+I+G+(X-M). C=Total consumption expenditure; I=Total Investment Expenditure; G=Total Government expenditure; X= Export; M= Imports. ● National Income is considered as NNP ...

 🌿Liberal and Neo-liberal Economics:📚 Liberalism as an economic philosophy is founded on the belief that individuals are rational in the decisions they take in the economic system. Producers make goods and services that are in demand. Consumers spend their money to realize maximum value for it. The rationalities of all the economic actors-producers, traders, consumers and others, add-up to collective and systemic rationality that guides the economy well. Adam Smith, the 18th century Scottish economist and philosopher and a formidable proponent of laissez-faire economic policies, in his first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, proposed the idea of an invisible hand. Invisible hand means the unintended social benefits and public good produced by individuals acting in their own self interests.📚📚📚 Achievement of the most efficient level of production, consumption and distribution of goods in the society takes place without any wishing it. It secures the welfare of the society. ...

  Social Media plays a very important role in today's life, social Media are web-based online tools that enable people discover and learn new information, share ideas, interact with new people and organizations.  It has changed the way people live their life today, it has made communication much easier. It allows the exchange of user-generated content like data, pictures, and videos.  Social media platforms may come in different forms such as blogs, business forums, podca sts, microblogs, photo sharing, product/service review, weblogs etc. Importance of social Media: Nowadays above 85% of all businesses have a dedicated social media platform as part of their marketing strategy. Nearly 58% of businesses that have used social media marketing for over 3 years and have reported an increase in sales during this period. Almost 60% of marketers are devoting the equivalent of a full work day to social media marketing for development and maintenance. To conclude, I would say socia...

Indian Economy.               MONEY AND ITS FUNCTIONS:  In earlier times, economic transactions used to happen as barter exchanges i.e. one commodity is exchanged for the other commodity. But for barter exchanges to happen there must be double coincidence of wants i.e. there should be diametrically opposite demand of the two parties doing the exchange. Consider, for example, an individual has a surplus of rice which he wishes to exchange for wheat. If he is not lucky enough, he may not be able to find another person who has the diametrically opposite demand for rice with a surplus of wheat to offer in exchange. The process can become very cumbersome in case of a large economy. To smoothen the transaction, an intermediate "commodity" is necessary which is acceptable to both the parties. The individuals can then sell their produce for this commodity and use this commodity to purchase the other goods that they need. Now what should be the characteris...

 IT  is no secret that gravity on Earth helps us and things stay on the ground.  The invisible magnetic force is spread across the planet, and from the looks of it, it isn’t going away anytime soon.  According to  NASA , gravity is determined by the mass and since Earth’s mass isn’t distributed equally across the planet, gravity also tends to change over time. NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) -- helps scientists look at levels of gravitational pull across the planet.          NASA. A few years ago, it shared a 3D visualization of a gravity model, on a geoid map of Earth -- a map showcasing Earth’s real shape and not the sphere ball we assume it to possess -- based on the data collected from using GRACE, that showed surprising variations in Earth’s gravity field.

My NAME Is KALAM.              Born on 15th October 1931 From an Indian aerospace scientist to the President of India, the 'Missile Man of India' has inspired millions of people with ambitions of science and propelled our nation towards technological advancements, here's a story of one such yearning and aspiration. As I entered the gates of Riverside Public School, my eyes caught sight of the banner, “Science Fair, 2021”. I fancy those schools, encouraging the innovative side of their pupils, and not just compelling them to bury their dainty heads deep into the theoretical monotony. I believe the more these children create and experiment, the more this world will progress, holding the hands of some brilliant brainiacs in the field of Science. Hello, Mr. Shrivastav! Welcome to our institution”, the Principal warmly greeted me as he handed me a beautiful bouquet of fresh roses, decorated with ribbons. It was quite exquisite. The validation seemed chummy,...