Modern history of jammu and kashmir




Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir

Dogra Period : 1846 1957

Dogra rule, which lasted for exactly 100 years is

the most progressive and peaceful period in the

History of J&K.

>Here is the list of Dogra rulers along with period of

rule.

1) Gulab Singh: 1846 -1856

2) Ranbir Singh: 1856 -1885

3) Pratap Singh: 1885 - 1925

4) Hari singh: 1925- 1947.

Gulab Singh: First Dogra Ruler

•Gulab Singh (1792–1857) was the founder of royal

Dogra dynasty and first Maharaja of the princely

state of Jammu and Kashmir, the second largest

princely state in British India, which was created

after the defeat of the Sikhs in the First Anglo-

Sikh War.

∆  • The Treaty of Amritsar (1846), formalised the sale

by the British to Gulab Singh for Rs 7,500,000. of all the lands in Kashmir

that were ceded to them by the Sikhs by the

Treaty of Lahore.


•Hari Singh : The Last Ruling Maharaja of J&K

The last ruler of Jammu and Kashmir was

Maharaja Hari Singh, who ascended the throne in

1925.

•He made primary education compulsory in the

State, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage

and threw open places of worship for the low

castes Singh's reign saw the accession of Jammu

& Kashmir to the newly independent Indian Union

in 1947.

.He originally manoeuvered to maintain his independence

by playing off India and Pakistan against each other.

There was an armed movement against the Maharaja's

rule especially in the Poonch district of Jammu, when his

troops were unable to control these fighters and his

troops retreated to Jammu, in October 1947, Singh

appealed to India for its help.

He acceded to India, though there is considerable

controversy over exactly at what point and whether or

not his accession included the sovereignty of the state.


Amritsar Treaty (1846) : The Treaty of Amritsar,

signed on 16 March 1846 between the Gulab

Singh and British India.

Under this treaty, Gulab Singh Paid Rs 75 Lakhs to

British India and acquired Kashmir and become the

First Sikh Raja of Kashmir.

2) Instrument of Accession: The Instrument of

Accession is a legal document executed by

Maharaja Hari Singh, ruler of the princely state of

Jammu and Kashmir, on 26 October 1947.

By executing this document Maharaja Hari Singh

agreed to accede to the Dominion of India.

Signatories: Hari Singh and Lord Mountbatten.

==• Delhi Agreement of 1952: After the J&K

constituent assembly had taken some important

decisions;

it was deemed necessary to receive the

concurrence of Indian Government, conferred with

the representatives of the Indian Govt. and arrived

at an agreement.

This agreement was later known as Delhi

Agreement of 1952.

•Here are the Salient Features of Delhi Agreement of 1952

1) The head of the State of J&K would be a person

recommended by the State Legislature and recognized by

the President of India

2 The Indian flag would have the same status in Kashmir

as in any part of India, but the Kashmir State flag would

be retained

3) Citizenship would be common in two parts of the

country, but the State legislature would have power to

define and regulate the rights and privileges of the

permanent residents in Kashmir.

The fundamental rights as laid down in the Indian constitution would be extended to Kashmir, but

these would not come in the State’s programme of

Land Reforms

5) Power to reprieve or commute death sentence

would belong to President of India.

•The Indian President’s power to declare a State

of Emergency in case of external danger or internal

disturbances would be extended to Kashmir, but in

regard to internal disturbances it would be used

only at the request of the State Govt.

7) Residuary power would be retained by the State

but the state could transfer more rights to the

Union.


•Supreme Court could adjudicate in regard to

dispute between the state and the Centre and

other provincial Govts. and on fundamental rights

agreed to by the State.

9) The details of financial arrangements would be

further considered.

•Indira-Shiekh Accord: The 1975 Indira– Sheikh

accord between Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah

and Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi allowed the

former to become Chief Minister of Jammu and

Kashmir again after 22 years.

The accord was signed on behalf of Abdullah by

Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg and on behalf of the

Indian government (headed by Prime Minister

Gandhi) by G. Parthasarathy on 24 February 1975 in

New Delhi.


•Important Books and Authors of J&K

1) Rajtrangini : Pt. Kalhana

2) Rajdarshini: Ganesh Dass Wadehra

3) Gulabnama: Dewao Kripa Ram

4) Akbarnama: Abul Fazal.

5) Aatish-e-Chinar: Shiekh Mohammad Abdullah

6) The Land of Lamas: Alexander Cunningham

7) Ain-i-Akbari: Abul Fazal

8) Zafarnama: Sharaf-u-din

9) Waqiat-i-Kashmir: Muhammad Azam

10) The Lord of Hills: G.C Smith.

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