Modern history of jammu and kashmir
Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir
Dogra Period : 1846 1957
Dogra rule, which lasted for exactly 100 years is
the most progressive and peaceful period in the
History of J&K.
>Here is the list of Dogra rulers along with period of
rule.
1) Gulab Singh: 1846 -1856
2) Ranbir Singh: 1856 -1885
3) Pratap Singh: 1885 - 1925
4) Hari singh: 1925- 1947.
Gulab Singh: First Dogra Ruler
•Gulab Singh (1792–1857) was the founder of royal
Dogra dynasty and first Maharaja of the princely
state of Jammu and Kashmir, the second largest
princely state in British India, which was created
after the defeat of the Sikhs in the First Anglo-
Sikh War.
∆ • The Treaty of Amritsar (1846), formalised the sale
by the British to Gulab Singh for Rs 7,500,000. of all the lands in Kashmir
that were ceded to them by the Sikhs by the
Treaty of Lahore.
•Hari Singh : The Last Ruling Maharaja of J&K
The last ruler of Jammu and Kashmir was
Maharaja Hari Singh, who ascended the throne in
1925.
•He made primary education compulsory in the
State, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage
and threw open places of worship for the low
castes Singh's reign saw the accession of Jammu
& Kashmir to the newly independent Indian Union
in 1947.
.He originally manoeuvered to maintain his independence
by playing off India and Pakistan against each other.
There was an armed movement against the Maharaja's
rule especially in the Poonch district of Jammu, when his
troops were unable to control these fighters and his
troops retreated to Jammu, in October 1947, Singh
appealed to India for its help.
He acceded to India, though there is considerable
controversy over exactly at what point and whether or
not his accession included the sovereignty of the state.
Amritsar Treaty (1846) : The Treaty of Amritsar,
signed on 16 March 1846 between the Gulab
Singh and British India.
Under this treaty, Gulab Singh Paid Rs 75 Lakhs to
British India and acquired Kashmir and become the
First Sikh Raja of Kashmir.
2) Instrument of Accession: The Instrument of
Accession is a legal document executed by
Maharaja Hari Singh, ruler of the princely state of
Jammu and Kashmir, on 26 October 1947.
By executing this document Maharaja Hari Singh
agreed to accede to the Dominion of India.
Signatories: Hari Singh and Lord Mountbatten.
==• Delhi Agreement of 1952: After the J&K
constituent assembly had taken some important
decisions;
it was deemed necessary to receive the
concurrence of Indian Government, conferred with
the representatives of the Indian Govt. and arrived
at an agreement.
This agreement was later known as Delhi
Agreement of 1952.
•Here are the Salient Features of Delhi Agreement of 1952
1) The head of the State of J&K would be a person
recommended by the State Legislature and recognized by
the President of India
2 The Indian flag would have the same status in Kashmir
as in any part of India, but the Kashmir State flag would
be retained
3) Citizenship would be common in two parts of the
country, but the State legislature would have power to
define and regulate the rights and privileges of the
permanent residents in Kashmir.
The fundamental rights as laid down in the Indian constitution would be extended to Kashmir, but
these would not come in the State’s programme of
Land Reforms
5) Power to reprieve or commute death sentence
would belong to President of India.
•The Indian President’s power to declare a State
of Emergency in case of external danger or internal
disturbances would be extended to Kashmir, but in
regard to internal disturbances it would be used
only at the request of the State Govt.
7) Residuary power would be retained by the State
but the state could transfer more rights to the
Union.
•Supreme Court could adjudicate in regard to
dispute between the state and the Centre and
other provincial Govts. and on fundamental rights
agreed to by the State.
9) The details of financial arrangements would be
further considered.
•Indira-Shiekh Accord: The 1975 Indira– Sheikh
accord between Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah
and Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi allowed the
former to become Chief Minister of Jammu and
Kashmir again after 22 years.
The accord was signed on behalf of Abdullah by
Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg and on behalf of the
Indian government (headed by Prime Minister
Gandhi) by G. Parthasarathy on 24 February 1975 in
New Delhi.
•Important Books and Authors of J&K
1) Rajtrangini : Pt. Kalhana
2) Rajdarshini: Ganesh Dass Wadehra
3) Gulabnama: Dewao Kripa Ram
4) Akbarnama: Abul Fazal.
5) Aatish-e-Chinar: Shiekh Mohammad Abdullah
6) The Land of Lamas: Alexander Cunningham
7) Ain-i-Akbari: Abul Fazal
8) Zafarnama: Sharaf-u-din
9) Waqiat-i-Kashmir: Muhammad Azam
10) The Lord of Hills: G.C Smith.
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