IKHLAQ SIR.

 IT  is no secret that gravity on Earth helps us and things stay on the ground.  The invisible magnetic force is spread across the planet, and from the looks of it, it isn’t going away anytime soon.  According to  NASA , gravity is determined by the mass and since Earth’s mass isn’t distributed equally across the planet, gravity also tends to change over time. NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) -- helps scientists look at levels of gravitational pull across the planet.          NASA. A few years ago, it shared a 3D visualization of a gravity model, on a geoid map of Earth -- a map showcasing Earth’s real shape and not the sphere ball we assume it to possess -- based on the data collected from using GRACE, that showed surprising variations in Earth’s gravity field.

My NAME Is KALAM.              Born on 15th October 1931 From an Indian aerospace scientist to the President of India, the 'Missile Man of India' has inspired millions of people with ambitions of science and propelled our nation towards technological advancements, here's a story of one such yearning and aspiration. As I entered the gates of Riverside Public School, my eyes caught sight of the banner, “Science Fair, 2021”. I fancy those schools, encouraging the innovative side of their pupils, and not just compelling them to bury their dainty heads deep into the theoretical monotony. I believe the more these children create and experiment, the more this world will progress, holding the hands of some brilliant brainiacs in the field of Science. Hello, Mr. Shrivastav! Welcome to our institution”, the Principal warmly greeted me as he handed me a beautiful bouquet of fresh roses, decorated with ribbons. It was quite exquisite. The validation seemed chummy,...

First let us develop the general concept of average productivity and marginal productivity. If one acre of land produces 2 Tonnes of food grains, then; Productivity of Land = Output = 2 Tonne = 2 Tonne/acre  Input (land) 1 acre Productivity of Labour = Output = 2 Tonne = 0.4 Tonne/labour  Input (labour) 5 labourer The above two are basically average productivity. If by adding one extra labour, production increases by 0.2 tonne, then Marginal productivity of labour = change in output = 0.2 tonne = 0.2 tonne/labour  Change in labour 1 labour Similarly, we can calculate productivity of capital = Output Capital Higher is the productivity of capital, it is good for the economy. The inverse of “productivity of capital” is Capital/Output ratio. Capital output ratio is the ratio of capital to output. It measures how much of capital is  required per unit of output. So, if more capital is required per unit of output, then the  capital is less efficient. Hence, it also mea...

  Since January 2015, National Statistical Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and  Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has changed the base year for calculation of GDP to  2011-12. So, if we want to calculate India's Real GDP for 2014-15, we will have to take the  quantities produced in 2014-15 and the prices of 2011-12 (base year). And if we want to  calculate the Nominal GDP of 2014-15 then we will have to take the quantities produced in  2014-15 and the market prices of the same year i.e. 2014-15.  Before 2015, NSO was not using market prices to calculate GDP, rather it was using Factor  Cost i.e. Market Price excluding indirect taxes and subsidies. Now, as per the global best practices and the IMF's World Economic Outlook projections based on GDP at market prices,  India has changed its methodology of GDP calculation at market prices. In India, economic growth is measured by real GDP i.e. GDP at constant Market Prices. economic gr...

NSO calculates GDP by Value Added Method and Expenditure Method both. Under Value Added Method, it calculates the value addition done by various economic activities viz:  Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing.  Mining and Quarrying.  Manufacturing.  Electricity, Gas, water supply and other utility services.  Construction.  Trade, Hotels and transport, and communication and services related to  broadcasting.  Financial, Insurance, real estate and professional services.  Public administration and defence and other services.      👉 Under Expenditure Method, it adds up the various components of expenditure viz:👇  Private Final Consumption Expenditure (it is basically household expenditure)  Government Final Consumption Expenditure  Gross Fixed Capital Formation (Investment expenditure of private and government)  Net of Exports and Imports (In certain cases where we are not able to measure estimates at constant prices, then the CPI  and WPI index is used as...

  GDP =The total final value of goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country in a specified time period (generally a financial year) is called Gross Domestic Product.            CALCULATION OF GDP. GDP can be calculated by three methods: 1. The Product or Value Added Method In this method we calculate the aggregate annual value of goods and services produced  and to arrive at this we add up the value of all goods and services produced by all the  firms in an economy. Let us take an example: Suppose there are only two kinds of producers in the economy. One is the farmer who  produces wheat and the other is the baker who produces bread. Assume that the farmer  who produces wheat do not require any input other than the physical labour. Suppose  the farmer produces Rs. 100 worth of wheat, out of which he consumes Rs. 50 of wheat  and sells Rs. 50 of wheat to the baker. And suppose the baker do not req...

WE FELL ASLEEP IN ONE WORLD WRITTEN BY AUTHOR HAROON RASHID ©   Author Haroon Rashid 1 hour ago · 2 min read WE FELL ASLEEP IN ONE WORLD WRITTEN BY AUTHOR HAROON RASHID © 31/12/2019 We fell asleep in one world and woke up in another. Suddenly Disney is out of magic, Paris is no longer romantic, New York doesn't stand up anymore, The Chinese wall is no longer a fortress, and Mecca is empty. Hugs & kisses suddenly become weapons, and not visiting parents & friends becomes an act of love. Suddenly you realize that power, beauty & money are worthless, and can't get you the oxygen you're fighting for. The world c o ntinues its life and it is beautiful. It only puts humans in cages. I think it's sending us a message: "You are not necessary. The air, earth, water and sky without you are fine. When you come back, remember that you are my guests. Not my masters.” Written by Author Haroon Rashid.

INDIAN ECONOMY. That part of the final output which comprises of physical capital goods is called gross  investment. So, investment in a country is not measured as money put in a business or any  economic activity but it is basically that portion of the final output (GDP) which consists of  capital goods. Suppose there is only one factory (capital good) in a country, which is worth Rs. one lakhs  and is producing consumption goods worth Rs. 700 and capital goods worth Rs. 300 in a  particular year (say 2019-20) in an economy. This means that the GDP in 2019-20 will be  Rs. 1000 (which is the total production of both consumption and capital goods) and the  gross investment in the economy will be Rs. 300 or (Rs 300/Rs1000) 30%, as investment is  measured as the percentage of output which consists of capital goods. Now when the factory runs for a year then wear and tear happens in the factory which is  called depreciation...

 the firms or enterprises owned by private individuals or entrepreneurs belong to private sector and their basic function is production of output i.e. goods and services. To produce  output, any enterprise will require certain inputs. An enterprise may require one input or it may require hundreds of inputs to produce the desired output. All the inputs that an  enterprise may require are broadly divided into four categories i.e. entrepreneur, capital.  natural resources and labour.Entrepreneur Profit Output Capital Goods & Services Interest Rent Wage Intermediate Final Natural Resources (Rolled Steel) (Land & Raw Material)  Labour Consumption Capital Tractor)Durable Non-Durable Services   Life > 3 Yrs. Life < 3 Yrs Education.  (TV, Car) (Clothes, burger).

    Four Sectors of Economy From the economic point of view, a mixed economy is divided into four sectors.       1. Private Sector: All the enterprises owned by the private individuals or group of individuals belong to the private sector. The private sector consists of companies/firms/enterprises in India  which are not owned by the governmet.                        2. Government Sector: This sector includes public administration, police, defence, framing of laws and  enforcing them. Apart from imposing taxes and spending money on various  infrastructure and healthcare services and education etc., government also undertakes  production activity through its companies like Coal India Ltd. (CIL), National Thermal  Power Corporation (NTPC) etc.  So, all the companies owned by the Central or State  Governments i.e. Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) also belong to the govern...

 Economics=Economics is the study of how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable goods and services and distribute them among different individuals.  Economics is divided into two major subfields,       *  Microeconomics.  and *Macroeconomics.                        Microeconomics.  Microeconomics is the study of decisions that people and businesses (individual economic agents) make regarding the allocation of resources and prices of goods and services. For example, the study of what mix of products an individual purchase with a given amount of money is part of microeconomic study.  Microeconomics would look at how a particular company whether small or big can maximize its production and capacity so that it can lower prices and better compete with its competitors in its industry.             Macroeconomics.    :  Macroecono...